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Azure and white |country = Russia }} The Constitutional Democratic Party ((ロシア語:Конституционно-демократическая партия)), also called Constitutional Democrats, formally Party of People's Freedom, informally Kadets aka (Cadets), was a liberal political party in the Russian Empire. Party members were called Kadets, from the abbreviation K-D of the party name (Конституционная Демократическая партия in Russian). This name should not be confused with the term ''cadets'', which referred to students at military schools in the Imperial Russia. Konstantin Kavelin's and Boris Chicherin's writings formed the theoretical basis of the party's platform. Historian Pavel Miliukov was the party's leader throughout its existence. The Kadets' base of support were intellectuals and professionals; university professors and lawyers were particularly prominent within the party.〔Hans Rogger, ''Jewish Policies and Right-wing Politics in Imperial Russia'', p. 20.〕 A large number of Kadet party members were veterans of the zemstvo, local councils.〔''The Zemstvo in Russia: An Experiment in Local Self-government'' (eds. Terence Emmons & Wayne S. Vucinich), p. 441.〕 The Constitutional Democratic Party formed from the merger of several liberal groupings: the Union of Liberation, the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists, and the Union of Unions, the organization of bourgeois professionals and intellectuals, including teachers, lawyers, writers, physicians, and engineers.〔Melissa Kirschke Stockdale, ''Paul Miliukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia'', 1880-1918, p. 142.〕〔James W. Long, ''From Privileged to Dispossessed: The Volga Germans'', 1860-1917, p. 207.〕 The Kadets' liberal economic program favored workers' right to an eight-hour day.〔Peter Gatrell, ''Government, Industry and Rearmament in Russia, 1900-1914: The Last Argument of Tsarism'', p. 81.〕 The Kadets "were unwaveringly committed to full citizenship for all of Russia's minorities" and supported Jewish emancipation.〔Rogger, p. 20.〕 The party drew significant support from Jews〔Rogger, p. 20.〕 and Volga Germans, and a significant number of each group were active party members.〔Rogger, p. 20.〕〔Long, p. 20708.〕 ==Radical origins (1905–1906)== The Constitutional Democratic Party was formed in Moscow on October 12–18, 1905 at the height of the Russian Revolution of 1905 when Tsar Nicholas II was forced to sign the October Manifesto granting basic civil liberties. The Kadets were to the immediate Left of the Octobrists, another new formed party organized at the same time. Unlike the Octobrists, who were committed to constitutional monarchy from the start, the Kadets were at first ambiguous on the subject, demanding universal suffrage (even women's suffrage) and a Constituent Assembly that would determine the country's form of government. This radicalism was despite the fact 60% of Kadets were nobles.〔Orlando Figes, The People's Tragedy〕 The Kadets were one of the parties invited by the reform-minded Prime Minister Sergei Witte to join his cabinet in October–November 1905, but the negotiations broke down over the Kadets' radical demands and Witte's refusal to drop notorious reactionaries like Petr Nikolayevich Durnovo from the cabinet. With some socialist and revolutionary parties boycotting the election to the First State Duma in February 1906, the Kadets received 37% of the urban vote and won over 30% of the seats in the Duma. They interpreted their electoral win as a mandate and allied with the left-leaning peasant Trudovik faction, forming a majority in the Duma. When their declaration of legislative intent was rejected by the government at the start of the parliamentary session in April, they adopted a radical oppositionist line, denouncing the government at every opportunity. On July 9, the government announced that the Duma was dysfunctional and dissolved it. In response, 120 Kadet and 80 Trudovik and Social Democrat deputies went to Vyborg (then a part of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and thus beyond the reach of Russian police) and responded with the Vyborg Manifesto (or the "Vyborg Appeal"), written by Miliukov. In the manifesto, they called for passive resistance, non-payment of taxes and draft avoidance. The appeal failed to have an effect on the population at large and proved both ineffective and counterproductive, leading to a ban on its authors', including the entire Kadet leadership, participation in future Dumas. This was further accentuated by the force of the tsar trying to control and deteriorate the power of the Duma. It wasn't until later in 1906, with the revolution in retreat, that the Kadets abandoned revolutionary and republican aspirations and declared their support for a constitutional monarchy. The government, however, remained suspicious of the Kadets until the fall of the monarchy in 1917. Finnish liberal politician and professor of jurisdiction and politology, Leo Mechelin, was expelled 1903–1904, when the Kadets were preparing to form a party. Mechelin cooperated with them and wrote them a liberal constitution for Russia, to be enforced when they would get into power. At the time of Vyborg Manifesto, Mechelin was already the leader of the Finnish government ("Mechelin's senate" (1905–1908)), which implemented the universal right to vote and freedoms of expression, press, congregation, and association. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Constitutional Democratic Party」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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